What causes fetal macrosomia in gestational diabetes. Fetal macrosomia is a condition in which a fetus is larger than average between 4,000 grams 8 pounds, ounces and 4,500 grams 9 pounds, 15 ounces. There are many causes, including diabetes or obesity in the mother. Babies that are large for gestational age throughout the pregnancy may be suspected because of an ultrasound, but fetal weight estimations in. Different risk factors also affect mother and child, so that a retrospective and crosssectional casecontrol study 214 mothers with macrosomic newborns and 321 mothers with normal weight infants was carried out.
During a prenatal visit, a physician can measure amniotic fluid via an ultrasound. Articulo original macrosomia fetal en madres no diabeticas. Excess nutrient delivery to the fetus causes macrosomia and truncal fat deposition, but whether fasting or peak glucose values are more correlated with fetal overgrowth is less clear. In addition, the term fetal macrosomia is used to describe a significantly larger than average newborn. A baby diagnosed with fetal macrosomia has a birth weight of more than 8 pounds, ounces 4,000 grams, regardless of his or her gestational age. During a pregnancy, its difficult to know how large the baby will be when he or she is born.
Find out more about macrosomia and what to do about it. Polyhydramnios is defined as a pathological increase of amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy and is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Macrosomia is a term that describes a baby who is born much larger than average for their gestational age, which is the number of weeks in the uterus. In general, poorly controlled diabetes, maternal obesity, and excessive maternal weight gain are all associated with macrosomia and have intermittent periods of hyperglycemia in common.
Doctors use ultrasound tests to learn what they can about a fetus, including its size. Fetal macrosomia is a condition in which a baby is born weighing more than 8 pounds, 1 ounces 4,000 grams. While fetal macrosomia is unpredictable, promoting good health and a healthy pregnancy can help prevent it. Retrospective, descriptive and comparative study of patients who came to delivery from january 2012 to june 2014, 88 patients, 23 patients with diagnosis of macrosomia, and 65 patients without macrosomia without gestational diabetes mellitus were included. Frequency of fetal macrosomia and the associated risk factors in pregnancies without gestational diabetes mellitus. The pathophysiology of macrosomia is related to the associated maternal or fetal condition that accounts for its development. Macrosomia or fetal macrosomia causes, symptoms, diagnosis. Fetal malpresentation causes and management medical. The term fetal macrosomia is used to describe a newborn whos significantly larger than average. According to the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists and the world health organization, newborns weighing more than eight pounds, thirteen ounces 4,000 g are considered to be macrosomic.
There are many risk factors for fetal macrosomia and not all are amenable to intervention, such as maternal. Pdf prenatal detection and consequences of fetal macrosomia. Average newborns weigh around seven pounds, eight ounces. Fetal macrosomia may complicate vaginal delivery and could put the baby at risk of injury during birth. Polyhydramnios or excessive fetal growth are markers for. Hyperglycemia in the fetus results in the stimulation of insulin, insulinlike growth. Fetal macrosomia can complicate vaginal delivery and can put the baby at an increased risk of injury during birth which can lead to health problems in the future. Common causes of polyhydramnios include gestational diabetes, fetal anomalies with disturbed fetal swallowing of amniotic fluid, fetal infections and other, rarer causes. In individuals with both findings, the risk of arrest disorders, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal macrosomia is significantly increased.
Macrosomia is an oversized body due to various causes. Fetal macrosomia 2018 find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. An ultrasound is a diagnostic procedure that transmits. We use cookies to make interactions with our website easy and meaningful, to better understand the use of our. Lga and macrosomia cannot be diagnosed until after birth, as it is impossible to accurately estimate the size and weight of a child in the womb.
The accuracy of ultrasound was directly related to birth weight and such accuracy improved if ultrasonography was performed within 72. Fetal macrosomia diagnosis and tests cleveland clinic. Prediction of fetal macrosomia using sonographically measured abdominal subcutaneous tissue thickness. When the condition is diagnosed early, it can be properly managed. It is diagnosed in approximately 9 percent of newborns per year. Risk factors for fetal macrosomia in patients without gestational diabetes mellitus. Abstract macrosomia is an oversized body due to various causes. Unfortunately, fetal macrosomia is often difficult to detect during pregnancy, but there a few tests that can be performed that indicate if there are symptoms and signs of an unusually large baby, including. Fetal macrosomia also puts the baby at increased risk of health problems after birth. The causes and risk factors for fetal macrosomia are diverse. According to this definition, it affects up to 10% of all live births. A baby diagnosed with fetal macrosomia has a birth weight of over 8 pounds, ounces 4,000 grams, regardless of gestational age.
The risk of fetal macrosomia is high in mothers who gain excessive weight during pregnancy. In some cases, what causes a larger than average birth weight remains unexplained. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that in a euglycemic population, the presence of polyhydramnios, both with and without accelerated fetal abdominal growth is a risk factor for intrapartum complications. Cesarean section is indicated in the presence of maternal cephalopelvic disproportion, double footling breech, breech with hyperextended head, a previous history of cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia.
Fetal macrosomia also sometimes termed large for gestational age is usually defined when the estimated fetal weight efw is greater than the 90 th percentile. Fetal macrosomia can be caused by genetic factors as well as maternal conditions, such as obesity or diabetes. Fetal macrosomia is when a baby grows too large in utero. Fetal macrosomia fetal macrosomia birth injury guide. Large size baby causes complications in both mother and the infant. In newborns, macrosomia was associated with male gender. Fetal macrosomia has been traditionally defined based on an arbitrary birthweight. Complications of breech presentation during labor are cord prolapse with fetal asphyxia or cord compression, fetal head arrest, and fetal trauma. Macrosomia is diagnosed when excessive intrauterine fetal growth occurs and the birth weight surpasses an established limit. However, fetal macrosomia is currently defined as a large for gestational age infant 90 percentil because of increased perinatal risk. The risk of fetal macrosomia is high in mothers who previously delivered with fetal macrosomia.
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